Brunetti S Secret Son Epub File

Research results confirm the detrimental effects of ethanol ingestion on a multitude of physiological levels. Protein synthesis and resulting muscle hypertrophy appears to be directly affected by ethanol. Ethanol and its metabolic sub-products selectively impair IGF-I signalling via S6K1 that directly affects the transcription of genes involved in muscle hypertrophy especially in type IIx fibers, those more responsive to hypertrophy. A direct link between ethanol consumption and hormonal profiles is evident. These links indicate that ethanol reduces GH plasmatic levels and alters the pituitary axes by decreasing LH release, which consequently, depending on the dose consumed could induce a decrease in the level of testosterone. Furthermore ethanol and its metabolic sub-products, inhibit testosterone but also increases cortisol levels, an opposite trend on muscle hypertrophy achievement. Though, the findings seem to be contradictive; the role of ethanol on cortisol and testosterone secretion is still not entirely understood but the stressful effects of ethanol onto the human body may be responsible for the increase in cortisol serum levels in a number of studies. Moreover, alterations in testosterone levels appear to be gender specific. A decrease in secreted testosterone has been shown in males whilst an increase due to the activation of the adrenal axes has been shown in females.

Brunetti S Secret Son Epub File

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